Science and Emotional Freedom
Techniques
EFT - https://www.eftuniverse.com/
Psychology journal - http://www.scirp.org/journal/PSYCH/
Psychology journal - http://www.scirp.org/journal/PSYCH/
SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE ON EFT IN PSYCHOLOGY JOURNAL
Clinical EFT as an evidence-based practice for the treatment of psychological and physiological conditions
This paper is open access.
Citation (APA Style): Church, D. (2013). Clinical EFT as an evidence-based practice for the treatment of psychological and physiological conditions. Psychology, 4 (6).
Abstract Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) has moved in the past two decades from a fringe therapy to widespread professional acceptance. This paper defines Clinical EFT, the method validated in many research studies, and shows it to be an “evidence-based” practice. It describes standards by which therapies may be evaluated such as those of the American Psychological Association (APA) Division 12 Task Force, and reviews the studies showing that Clinical EFT meets these criteria. Several research domains are discussed, summarizing studies of: (a) psychological conditions such as anxiety, depression, phobias and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); (b) physiological problems such as pain and autoimmune conditions; (c) professional and sports performance, and (d) the physiological mechanisms of action of Clinical EFT. The paper lists the conclusions that may be drawn from this body of evidence, which includes 23 randomized controlled trials and 17 within-subjects studies. The three essential ingredients of Clinical EFT are described: exposure, cognitive shift, and acupressure. The latter is shown to be an essential ingredient in EFTs efficacy, and not merely a placebo. New evidence from emerging fields such as epigenetics, neural plasticity, psychoneuroimmunology and evolutionary biology confirms the central link between emotion and physiology, and points to somatic stimulation as the element common to emerging psycho-therapeutic methods. The paper outlines the next steps in EFT research, such as smartphone-based data gathering, large scale group therapy, and the use of bio-markers. It concludes that Clinical EFT is a stable and mature method with an extensive evidence base. These characteristics have led to growing acceptance in primary care settings as a safe, rapid, reliable, and effective treatment for both psychological and medical diagnoses.
Clinical EFT as an evidence-based practice for the treatment of psychological and physiological conditions
This paper is open access.
Citation (APA Style): Church, D. (2013). Clinical EFT as an evidence-based practice for the treatment of psychological and physiological conditions. Psychology, 4 (6).
Abstract Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) has moved in the past two decades from a fringe therapy to widespread professional acceptance. This paper defines Clinical EFT, the method validated in many research studies, and shows it to be an “evidence-based” practice. It describes standards by which therapies may be evaluated such as those of the American Psychological Association (APA) Division 12 Task Force, and reviews the studies showing that Clinical EFT meets these criteria. Several research domains are discussed, summarizing studies of: (a) psychological conditions such as anxiety, depression, phobias and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); (b) physiological problems such as pain and autoimmune conditions; (c) professional and sports performance, and (d) the physiological mechanisms of action of Clinical EFT. The paper lists the conclusions that may be drawn from this body of evidence, which includes 23 randomized controlled trials and 17 within-subjects studies. The three essential ingredients of Clinical EFT are described: exposure, cognitive shift, and acupressure. The latter is shown to be an essential ingredient in EFTs efficacy, and not merely a placebo. New evidence from emerging fields such as epigenetics, neural plasticity, psychoneuroimmunology and evolutionary biology confirms the central link between emotion and physiology, and points to somatic stimulation as the element common to emerging psycho-therapeutic methods. The paper outlines the next steps in EFT research, such as smartphone-based data gathering, large scale group therapy, and the use of bio-markers. It concludes that Clinical EFT is a stable and mature method with an extensive evidence base. These characteristics have led to growing acceptance in primary care settings as a safe, rapid, reliable, and effective treatment for both psychological and medical diagnoses.
SAMPLE RESEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHY ON EFT - EFT AS EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
Acupoint Stimulation in treating Psychological Disorders.
David Feinstein, PhD, Ashland, Oregon Feinstein, D. (2012). Acupoint stimulation in treating psychological disorders: Evidence of efficacy. Review of General Psychology, 16(4), 364-380. Abstract © 2012, American Psychological Association.
Abstract: Energy psychology is a clinical and self-help modality that combines verbal and physical procedures for effecting therapeutic change. While utilizing established clinical methods such as exposure and cognitive restructuring, the approach also incorporates concepts and techniques from non-Western healing systems. Its most frequently utilized protocols combine the stimulation of acupuncture points (by tapping on, holding, or massaging them) with the mental activation of a targeted psychological issue.
Energy psychology has been controversial, in part due to its reliance on explanatory mechanisms that are outside of conventional clinical frameworks and in part because of claims by its early proponents—without adequate research support—of extraordinary speed and power in attaining positive clinical outcomes. This paper revisits some of the field's early claims, as well as current practices, and assesses them in the context of existing evidence.
A literature search identified 51 peer- reviewed papers that report or investigate clinical outcomes following the tapping of
acupuncture points to address psychological issues. The 18 randomized controlled trials in this sample were critically evaluated for design quality, leading to the conclusion that they consistently demonstrated strong effect sizes and other positive statistical results that far exceed chance after relatively few treatment sessions. Criteria for evidence- based treatments proposed by Division 12 of the American Psychological Association were also applied and found to be met for a number of conditions, including PTSD and depression. Neurological mechanisms that may be involved in these surprisingly strong findings are also considered.
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Clinical EFT as an evidence-based practice
Church, D. (2013). Clinical EFT as an evidence-based practice for the treatment of psychological and physiological conditions. Psychology, 4 (6).
Abstract Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) has moved in the past two decades from a fringe therapy to widespread professional acceptance. This paper defines Clinical EFT, the method validated in many research studies, and shows it to be an “evidence-based” practice. It describes standards by which therapies may be evaluated such as those of the American Psychological Association (APA) Division 12
Task Force, and reviews the studies showing that Clinical EFT meets these criteria. Several research domains are discussed, summarizing studies of: (a) psychological conditions such as anxiety, depression, phobias and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); (b) physiological problems such as pain and autoimmune conditions; (c) professional and sports performance, and (d)
the physiological mechanisms of action of Clinical EFT. The paper lists the conclusions that may be drawn from this body of evidence, which includes 23 randomized controlled trials and 17 within-subjects studies. The three essential ingredients of Clinical EFT are described: exposure, cognitive shift, and acupressure. The latter is shown to be an essential ingredient in EFTs efficacy, and not merely a placebo. New evidence from emerging fields such as epigenetics, neural plasticity, psychoneuroimmunology and evolutionary biology confirms the central link between emotion and physiology, and points to somatic stimulation as the element common to emerging psychotherapeutic methods. The paper outlines the next steps in EFT research, such as smartphone-based data gathering, large scale group therapy, and the use of biomarkers. It concludes that Clinical EFT is a stable and mature method with an extensive evidence base. These characteristics have led to growing acceptance in primary care settings as a safe, rapid, reliable, and effective treatment for both psychological and medical diagnoses.
------
The following is the URL of a website containing a number of classified EFT research paper references. http://www.eftuniverse.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18&Itemid=21
This site contains papers about the effectiveness of EFT, classified as follows: APA Standards for Empirically Validated Treatments; The State of EFT Research; Laying Research Groundwork; Clinical Reports; Mechanisms Papers; Review Articles; Outcome Studies on: Anxiety, Athletic Performance, Depression, Pain & Physical Symptoms, Phobias, PTSD, Weight Loss & Cravings.
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The following are some further research references.
Wendy L. Waite and Mark D. Hodder, (2003) “Assessment of the Emotional Freedom Technique: An Alternative Treatment for Fear”, the Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, Vol 2, No. 1, pp. 20-25.
American Psychological Association journal article citing 18 fully randomized controlled studies, done according to APA evidence- based standards, showing statistically significant results from Tapping.
Single Session EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques) for Stress-Related Symptoms after Motor Vehicle Accidents, read article.
Church, D., Yount, G., Brooks, A. The Effect of Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) on Stress Biochemistry: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (in press).
Wells, S., Polglase, K., Andrews, H., Carrington, P., & Baker, A.H. (2003). Evaluation of a Meridian-Based Intervention, Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT), for Reducing Specific Phobias of Small Animals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59 (9). 943-966.
Rapid Treatment of PTSD: Why Psychological Exposure with Acupoint Tapping May Be Effective. David Feinstein,
PhD. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training. (2010). 47(3), 385-402.
The Treatment of Combat Trauma in Veterans Using EFT. Dawson Church, PhD. Traumatology. (2010).15(1), 45-55.
Pilot Study of EFT, WHEE and CBT for Treatment of Test Anxiety in University Students. Daniel J. Benor, Karen Ledger, Loren Toussaint, Greg Hett, & David Zaccaro. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing. (2009, November). 5(6), 338-340.
Wells, S., Polglase, K., Andrews, H.B., Carrington, P., and Baker, H.A., “Evaluation of a meridian-based intervention, Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT), for reducing specific phobias of small animals” Journal of Clinical Psychology, Volume 59, Number 9 (September 2003) pp. 943 – 966.
Harvey A. Baker and Linda Siegel, “One session of Emotional Freedom Techniques is effective for reducing fear of specific animals: A controlled laboratory study,” Paper presented at the second annual meeting of the Association for Comprehensive Energy Psychology, San Diego, May 2001.
Wendy L. Waite and Mark D. Hodder, (2003) “Assessment of the Emotional Freedom Technique: An Alternative Treatment for Fear”, The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, Vol 2, No. 1, pp. 20-25.
Sharon Jones and Henry B. Andrews, “The efficacy of emotional freedom technique in reducing public speaking anxiety: An exploratory study.” Paper presented at a meeting of the Western Australian branch of the College of Counselling Psychologists, March 2001.
Swingle, P., Pulos, L., & Swingle, M. (May, 2000). Effects of a meridian-based therapy, EFT, on symptoms of PTSD in auto accident victims.
Swingle, P. (May, 2000). Effects of the Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) method on seizure frequency in children diagnosed with epilepsy. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Comprehensive Energy Psychology, Las Vegas, NV.
Joaquin Andrade, MD and David Feinstein PhD, “Energy Psychology: Theory, Indications, Evidence.” In David Feinstein, Energy Psychology Interactive, (Ashland, OR: Innersource 2004, distributed by Norton Professional Books)
The Effect of EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques) on Athletic Performance: A Randomized Controlled Blind Trial Dawson Church Foundation for Epigenetic Medicine,
1490 Mark West Springs Rd, Santa Rosa CA
95404, USA The Open Sports Sciences
Journal 2009,2, 94-99
Feinstein, D. (2012). Acupoint stimulation in treating psychological disorders: Evidence of efficacy. Review of General Psychology, 16(4), 364-380.
Theoretical and Methodological Problems in Research on Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) and Other Meridian Based Therapies, A. Harvey Baker, Dmitri Putilin, Queens College of the City University of New York, Patricia Carrington, Robert Woods Johnson Medical School Psychology Journal, (2009) 6(2), 34-46.
Baker, A. H., Carrington, P., Putilin, D. (2009). Theoretical and Methodological Problems in Research on Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) and Other Meridian Based Therapies. Psychology Journal, 6(2), 34-46.
Application of Emotional Freedom Techniques, Dawson Church, PhD & Audrey Books, PhD Integrative Medicine: A Clinician's Journal, (2010), Aug/Sep, 46-48.
Evidence and Potential Mechanisms for Mindfulness Practices and Energy Psychology for Obesity and Binge-Eating Disorder, Renee Sojcher, MS, & Susan Gould Fogerite, PhD University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey , Adam Perlman, MD, MPH Duke University Medical Center, Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing,
8(5), 271-276.
Your DNA is Not Your Destiny: Behavioral Epigenetics and the Role of Emotions in Health, Dawson Church, PhD Anti Aging Medical Therapeutics, (2010, October), 13, 35-42.
Controversies in Energy Psychology, David Feinstein, PhD. Energy Psychology: Theory, Research, & Treatment, (2009), 1(1), 45-56.
Emotional Freedom Techniques: The Practising Midwife Mitchell, M. The Practising Midwife, (2009), 12(7), 12-14.
Energy Psychology: Time for a Second Look Richard C. Kevin, PhD The North Carolina Psychologist (January/February 2011, v. 63, #1, pp 8-9)
The Dream to Freedom Technique, a Methodology for Integrating the Complementary Therapies of Energy Psychology and Dreamwork. Robert J. Hoss and Lynne M. Hoss, DreamScience Foundation, Energy Psychology: Theory, Research, & Treatment, (2010), 2(1), 45-64.
Modulating Gene Expression through Psychotherapy: The Contribution of Non- Invasive Somatic Interventions, Feinstein. D
& Church, D. (2010). Modulating gene expression through psychotherapy: The contribution of non-invasive somatic interventions. Review of General Psychology, 14, 283 - 295.
Neurophysiological indicators of EFT treatment of post-traumatic stress, Paul Swingle, PhD, University of Ottawa, Lee Pulos, PhD, University of British Columbia, M. K. Swingle, Victoria, British Columbia
Swingle, P., Pulos, L., & Swingle, M. K. (2005). Neurophysiological indicators of EFT treatment of post-traumatic stress. Journal of Subtle Energies & Energy Medicine, (2005), 15, 75-86.
Evidence and Potential Mechanisms for Mindfulness Practices and Energy Psychology for Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder, Renee Sojcher, MS; Susan Gould- Fogerite, PhD; Adam Perlman, MD, MPH, Explore, The Journal of Science and Healing, (in press).
Energy Psychology in Rehabilitation: Origins, Clinical Applications, and Theory, Fred P. Gallo, PhD, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Energy Psychology: Theory, Research, & Treatment, (2009), 1(1), 57-72.
-----
Acupoint Stimulation in treating Psychological Disorders.
David Feinstein, PhD, Ashland, Oregon Feinstein, D. (2012). Acupoint stimulation in treating psychological disorders: Evidence of efficacy. Review of General Psychology, 16(4), 364-380. Abstract © 2012, American Psychological Association.
Abstract: Energy psychology is a clinical and self-help modality that combines verbal and physical procedures for effecting therapeutic change. While utilizing established clinical methods such as exposure and cognitive restructuring, the approach also incorporates concepts and techniques from non-Western healing systems. Its most frequently utilized protocols combine the stimulation of acupuncture points (by tapping on, holding, or massaging them) with the mental activation of a targeted psychological issue.
Energy psychology has been controversial, in part due to its reliance on explanatory mechanisms that are outside of conventional clinical frameworks and in part because of claims by its early proponents—without adequate research support—of extraordinary speed and power in attaining positive clinical outcomes. This paper revisits some of the field's early claims, as well as current practices, and assesses them in the context of existing evidence.
A literature search identified 51 peer- reviewed papers that report or investigate clinical outcomes following the tapping of
acupuncture points to address psychological issues. The 18 randomized controlled trials in this sample were critically evaluated for design quality, leading to the conclusion that they consistently demonstrated strong effect sizes and other positive statistical results that far exceed chance after relatively few treatment sessions. Criteria for evidence- based treatments proposed by Division 12 of the American Psychological Association were also applied and found to be met for a number of conditions, including PTSD and depression. Neurological mechanisms that may be involved in these surprisingly strong findings are also considered.
------
Clinical EFT as an evidence-based practice
Church, D. (2013). Clinical EFT as an evidence-based practice for the treatment of psychological and physiological conditions. Psychology, 4 (6).
Abstract Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) has moved in the past two decades from a fringe therapy to widespread professional acceptance. This paper defines Clinical EFT, the method validated in many research studies, and shows it to be an “evidence-based” practice. It describes standards by which therapies may be evaluated such as those of the American Psychological Association (APA) Division 12
Task Force, and reviews the studies showing that Clinical EFT meets these criteria. Several research domains are discussed, summarizing studies of: (a) psychological conditions such as anxiety, depression, phobias and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); (b) physiological problems such as pain and autoimmune conditions; (c) professional and sports performance, and (d)
the physiological mechanisms of action of Clinical EFT. The paper lists the conclusions that may be drawn from this body of evidence, which includes 23 randomized controlled trials and 17 within-subjects studies. The three essential ingredients of Clinical EFT are described: exposure, cognitive shift, and acupressure. The latter is shown to be an essential ingredient in EFTs efficacy, and not merely a placebo. New evidence from emerging fields such as epigenetics, neural plasticity, psychoneuroimmunology and evolutionary biology confirms the central link between emotion and physiology, and points to somatic stimulation as the element common to emerging psychotherapeutic methods. The paper outlines the next steps in EFT research, such as smartphone-based data gathering, large scale group therapy, and the use of biomarkers. It concludes that Clinical EFT is a stable and mature method with an extensive evidence base. These characteristics have led to growing acceptance in primary care settings as a safe, rapid, reliable, and effective treatment for both psychological and medical diagnoses.
------
The following is the URL of a website containing a number of classified EFT research paper references. http://www.eftuniverse.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18&Itemid=21
This site contains papers about the effectiveness of EFT, classified as follows: APA Standards for Empirically Validated Treatments; The State of EFT Research; Laying Research Groundwork; Clinical Reports; Mechanisms Papers; Review Articles; Outcome Studies on: Anxiety, Athletic Performance, Depression, Pain & Physical Symptoms, Phobias, PTSD, Weight Loss & Cravings.
------
The following are some further research references.
Wendy L. Waite and Mark D. Hodder, (2003) “Assessment of the Emotional Freedom Technique: An Alternative Treatment for Fear”, the Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, Vol 2, No. 1, pp. 20-25.
American Psychological Association journal article citing 18 fully randomized controlled studies, done according to APA evidence- based standards, showing statistically significant results from Tapping.
Single Session EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques) for Stress-Related Symptoms after Motor Vehicle Accidents, read article.
Church, D., Yount, G., Brooks, A. The Effect of Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) on Stress Biochemistry: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (in press).
Wells, S., Polglase, K., Andrews, H., Carrington, P., & Baker, A.H. (2003). Evaluation of a Meridian-Based Intervention, Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT), for Reducing Specific Phobias of Small Animals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59 (9). 943-966.
Rapid Treatment of PTSD: Why Psychological Exposure with Acupoint Tapping May Be Effective. David Feinstein,
PhD. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training. (2010). 47(3), 385-402.
The Treatment of Combat Trauma in Veterans Using EFT. Dawson Church, PhD. Traumatology. (2010).15(1), 45-55.
Pilot Study of EFT, WHEE and CBT for Treatment of Test Anxiety in University Students. Daniel J. Benor, Karen Ledger, Loren Toussaint, Greg Hett, & David Zaccaro. Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing. (2009, November). 5(6), 338-340.
Wells, S., Polglase, K., Andrews, H.B., Carrington, P., and Baker, H.A., “Evaluation of a meridian-based intervention, Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT), for reducing specific phobias of small animals” Journal of Clinical Psychology, Volume 59, Number 9 (September 2003) pp. 943 – 966.
Harvey A. Baker and Linda Siegel, “One session of Emotional Freedom Techniques is effective for reducing fear of specific animals: A controlled laboratory study,” Paper presented at the second annual meeting of the Association for Comprehensive Energy Psychology, San Diego, May 2001.
Wendy L. Waite and Mark D. Hodder, (2003) “Assessment of the Emotional Freedom Technique: An Alternative Treatment for Fear”, The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, Vol 2, No. 1, pp. 20-25.
Sharon Jones and Henry B. Andrews, “The efficacy of emotional freedom technique in reducing public speaking anxiety: An exploratory study.” Paper presented at a meeting of the Western Australian branch of the College of Counselling Psychologists, March 2001.
Swingle, P., Pulos, L., & Swingle, M. (May, 2000). Effects of a meridian-based therapy, EFT, on symptoms of PTSD in auto accident victims.
Swingle, P. (May, 2000). Effects of the Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) method on seizure frequency in children diagnosed with epilepsy. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Comprehensive Energy Psychology, Las Vegas, NV.
Joaquin Andrade, MD and David Feinstein PhD, “Energy Psychology: Theory, Indications, Evidence.” In David Feinstein, Energy Psychology Interactive, (Ashland, OR: Innersource 2004, distributed by Norton Professional Books)
The Effect of EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques) on Athletic Performance: A Randomized Controlled Blind Trial Dawson Church Foundation for Epigenetic Medicine,
1490 Mark West Springs Rd, Santa Rosa CA
95404, USA The Open Sports Sciences
Journal 2009,2, 94-99
Feinstein, D. (2012). Acupoint stimulation in treating psychological disorders: Evidence of efficacy. Review of General Psychology, 16(4), 364-380.
Theoretical and Methodological Problems in Research on Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) and Other Meridian Based Therapies, A. Harvey Baker, Dmitri Putilin, Queens College of the City University of New York, Patricia Carrington, Robert Woods Johnson Medical School Psychology Journal, (2009) 6(2), 34-46.
Baker, A. H., Carrington, P., Putilin, D. (2009). Theoretical and Methodological Problems in Research on Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) and Other Meridian Based Therapies. Psychology Journal, 6(2), 34-46.
Application of Emotional Freedom Techniques, Dawson Church, PhD & Audrey Books, PhD Integrative Medicine: A Clinician's Journal, (2010), Aug/Sep, 46-48.
Evidence and Potential Mechanisms for Mindfulness Practices and Energy Psychology for Obesity and Binge-Eating Disorder, Renee Sojcher, MS, & Susan Gould Fogerite, PhD University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey , Adam Perlman, MD, MPH Duke University Medical Center, Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing,
8(5), 271-276.
Your DNA is Not Your Destiny: Behavioral Epigenetics and the Role of Emotions in Health, Dawson Church, PhD Anti Aging Medical Therapeutics, (2010, October), 13, 35-42.
Controversies in Energy Psychology, David Feinstein, PhD. Energy Psychology: Theory, Research, & Treatment, (2009), 1(1), 45-56.
Emotional Freedom Techniques: The Practising Midwife Mitchell, M. The Practising Midwife, (2009), 12(7), 12-14.
Energy Psychology: Time for a Second Look Richard C. Kevin, PhD The North Carolina Psychologist (January/February 2011, v. 63, #1, pp 8-9)
The Dream to Freedom Technique, a Methodology for Integrating the Complementary Therapies of Energy Psychology and Dreamwork. Robert J. Hoss and Lynne M. Hoss, DreamScience Foundation, Energy Psychology: Theory, Research, & Treatment, (2010), 2(1), 45-64.
Modulating Gene Expression through Psychotherapy: The Contribution of Non- Invasive Somatic Interventions, Feinstein. D
& Church, D. (2010). Modulating gene expression through psychotherapy: The contribution of non-invasive somatic interventions. Review of General Psychology, 14, 283 - 295.
Neurophysiological indicators of EFT treatment of post-traumatic stress, Paul Swingle, PhD, University of Ottawa, Lee Pulos, PhD, University of British Columbia, M. K. Swingle, Victoria, British Columbia
Swingle, P., Pulos, L., & Swingle, M. K. (2005). Neurophysiological indicators of EFT treatment of post-traumatic stress. Journal of Subtle Energies & Energy Medicine, (2005), 15, 75-86.
Evidence and Potential Mechanisms for Mindfulness Practices and Energy Psychology for Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder, Renee Sojcher, MS; Susan Gould- Fogerite, PhD; Adam Perlman, MD, MPH, Explore, The Journal of Science and Healing, (in press).
Energy Psychology in Rehabilitation: Origins, Clinical Applications, and Theory, Fred P. Gallo, PhD, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Energy Psychology: Theory, Research, & Treatment, (2009), 1(1), 57-72.
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